;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$carriesInfectionType (#$isa #$carriesInfectionType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$carriesInfectionType #$TangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$carriesInfectionType #$InfectionType) (#$arg2Genl #$carriesInfectionType #$Infection) (#$comment #$carriesInfectionType "The predicate (#$carriesInfectionType OBJECT INFECT_TYPE) relates a particular organism or other object to a type of infection that it carries. (#$carriesInfectionType OBJ INFTYP) means that the individual OBJ is a carrier of the #$InfectionType INFTYP. For example, (#$carriesInfectionType TyphoidMary #$TyphoidFever) or (#$carriesInfectionType Needle0567 #$AIDS).") ;;; #$catalyst (#$isa #$catalyst #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$catalyst #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$catalyst #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$catalyst #$unchangedActors) (#$arg1Isa #$catalyst #$ChemicalReaction) (#$arg2Isa #$catalyst #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$catalyst "The predicate #$catalyst identifies the particular thing that acts as a catalyst in a particular chemical reaction. (#$catalyst R X) means that the #$ChemicalReaction R has the particular quantity of substance X as a catalyst. For example, every instance of #$Photosynthesis has some portion of #$Chlorophyll as a catalyst; an amount of #$Water may be a #$catalyst in some #$OxidationProcess of a #$Metal.") ;;; #$causedBy (#$isa #$causedBy #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$causedBy #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$causedBy #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$causedBy #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlPreds #$causedBy #$startsAfterStartingOf) (#$genlPreds #$causedBy (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CAUSE-EFFECT")) (#$arg1Isa #$causedBy #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$causedBy #$Event) (#$comment #$causedBy "#$causedBy is the predicate used for token-token event causation, i.e., causation between individual events. (causedBy EVENT1 EVENT2) means that EVENT1 is causedBy EVENT2.") ;;; #$causes (#$not (#$isa #$causes #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$causes #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$causes #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$causes #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$causes #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$causes (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CAUSE-EFFECT")) (#$arg1Isa #$causes #$CycFormula) (#$arg2Isa #$causes #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$causes "(#$causes p1 p2) means that p1 causes p2. That is, the state of affairs described by proposition p1 causally leads to the state of affairs described by p2. This is stronger than material implication; i.e., it must also be the case that (#$implies p1 p2). Note that #$causes means more than #$implies, of course: there is a temporal ordering involved, there is a presumed mechanism of causation, etc. Unlike #$implies, #$causes is not reflexive; one would not say that p1 causes p1, even though p1 implies p1. Another difference between #$implies and #$causes is that #$causes is a predicate, not a logical connective. Just because (#$causes p1 p2) is true that does NOT entail that (#$causes (#$not p2) (#$not p1)) is true.Note that (#$causes p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about causation than saying that some event e1 caused event e2 (which one can do in Cyc, using the predicate #$causedBy) since often there are a few key aspects of e1 that caused a few key aspects of e2, and the remaining details of e1 and e2 were, to first order, irrelevant. Note that, similarly, (#$causes p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about causation than saying that some agent AGT caused something to be true (which one can do in Cyc, using the predicate #$causesProp) since often there is some specific aspect of the agent, or something they were involved in or did, that is the cause of the proposition's becoming satisfied. Because this predicate is asymetric and since effect (p2) can not temporally precede cause (p1), #$causes may not be used to express mutual causation, e.g. feedback loops for which it may be said that two events (probably more process-like) cause each other. We consider mutual causation to be a different form of causation and should be expressed using some as of yet (Dec 96) unreified relationship.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$causes #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CAUSE-EFFECT") ;;; #$causesProp (#$isa #$causesProp #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$causesProp (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CAUSE-EFFECT")) (#$arg1Isa #$causesProp #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$causesProp #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$causesProp "(#$causesProp INDIV PROP) means that the #$TemporalThing INDIV causes the proposition PROP to become true. INDIV may be an #$Agent or an #$Event. PROP is a #$CycFormula. Note: A much simpler predicate is #$causedBy, in which both arguments are just #$Events.") ;;; #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide (#$isa #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$connectedTo-Rigidly) (#$genlPreds #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$connectedTo) (#$genlPreds #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$hasPortalToRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide "(cavityConnectedAlongPathSide PATH CAVITY) means that there is a portal somewhere along the wall of the #$Path-Generic (which must also be #$PartiallyTangible) PATH which leads to the #$CavityOrContainer CAVITY. It does not apply if an end of PATH is the portal, nor to a branching of the path, nor a small hole in an otherwise dead end of the path. The portal is substantially smaller in width than the path, and instead of a smaller path connected there, the portal opens into a neighboring #$CavityOrContainer. Example: an #$Alveolus attached to a #$RespiratoryBronchiole in the #$Lung is so connected. Or, a room opening along the side of a hallway.") ;;; #$cavityHasWall (#$not (#$isa #$cavityHasWall #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$cavityHasWall #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$cavityHasWall #$PartPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$cavityHasWall #$physicalParts) (#$arg1Isa #$cavityHasWall #$Cavity) (#$arg2Isa #$cavityHasWall #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$cavityHasWall "(cavityHasWall CAV WALL) means that the the #$Cavity CAV has WALL as one of its walls (or part of one of its walls), or partly-enclosing inner surfaces. #$cavityHasWall is often used for describing the relationship between some space or part of a #$ConstructionArtifact and the substructures that bound or enclose it (e.g., the relationship between a room and its walls, floor(s), and ceiling(s)).") ;;; #$chiefPorts (#$isa #$chiefPorts #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlPreds #$chiefPorts #$geographicalSubRegions) (#$arg1Isa #$chiefPorts #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$arg2Isa #$chiefPorts #$UrbanArea) (#$comment #$chiefPorts "This is a list of the chief ports for a given geographical region.") ;;; #$children (#$isa #$children #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$children #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$children #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$children #$relatives) (#$arg1Isa #$children #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$children #$Animal) (#$comment #$children "(#$children PARENT CHILD) means that CHILD is a child of PARENT in the sense that PARENT cares for CHILD as a parent would, whether or not they are biologically related.") (#$comment #$children "(#$children PARENT CHILD) means that CHILD is the biological offspring of PARENT.") ;;; #$circumferenceOfObject (#$isa #$circumferenceOfObject #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$isa #$circumferenceOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$circumferenceOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$circumferenceOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$circumferenceOfObject #$Distance) (#$comment #$circumferenceOfObject "The distance around a circular object") ;;; #$citizens (#$isa #$citizens #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$citizens #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$citizens #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$arg2Isa #$citizens #$Person) (#$comment #$citizens "The predicate #$citizens indicates that a particular person is a citizen of a particular country/state/... . (#$citizens GEOPOL PERSON) means that GEOPOL is a #$GeopoliticalEntity in which the #$Person PERSON has full rights of citizenship (whatever those rights might consist of in GEOPOL).") ;;; #$cityInState (#$isa #$cityInState #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$cityInState #$FunctionalSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$cityInState #$UrbanArea) (#$arg2Isa #$cityInState #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$comment #$cityInState "(#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that the #$UrbanArea CITY is physically located in the geopolitical sub-region STATE. Note that STATE may be an element of #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), or it may be some other kind of #$CountrySubsidiary, such as #$Territory. Examples: the #$CityOfDurhamNC in a #$cityInState of #$NorthCarolina-State; Xiamen (Amoy) is a #$cityInState of Fujian.") ;;; #$cityOfAddress (#$isa #$cityOfAddress #$FunctionalSlot) (#$genlPreds #$cityOfAddress #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$cityOfAddress #$ContactLocation) (#$arg2Isa #$cityOfAddress #$City) (#$comment #$cityOfAddress "(#$cityOfAddress LOC CITY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is located in the #$City CITY. For example, #$Cycorp's #$cityOfAddress is the #$CityOfAustinTX. See also #$ContactLocation.") ;;; #$clients (#$not (#$isa #$clients #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$clients #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$clients #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$clients #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$clients #$positiveVestedInterest) (#$arg1Isa #$clients #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$clients #$Agent) (#$comment #$clients "The predicate #$clients represents a relationship between two #$Agents. (#$clients AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 provides goods and/or services to AGENT2. AGENT2 may or may not pay AGENT1 for the goods/services received. The predicate #$clients can indicate either a one-time relationship or a more long-term relationship. See also #$suppliers and #$customers.") ;;; #$cloudinessOfRegion (#$isa #$cloudinessOfRegion #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$genlPreds #$cloudinessOfRegion #$hasAttributes) (#$arg1Isa #$cloudinessOfRegion #$OutdoorLocation) (#$arg2Isa #$cloudinessOfRegion #$Cloudiness) (#$comment #$cloudinessOfRegion "(#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC DEGREE) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has this DEGREE of cloud cover.") ;;; #$coExtensional (#$isa #$coExtensional #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$coExtensional #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$coExtensional #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlInverse #$coExtensional #$coExtensional) (#$arg1Isa #$coExtensional #$Collection) (#$arg2Isa #$coExtensional #$Collection) (#$comment #$coExtensional "the sets v1 which are such that ( x (u instances) (isa x v1))") ;;; #$cohabitants (#$isa #$cohabitants #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$cohabitants #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$cohabitants #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$cohabitants #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$cohabitants #$acquaintedWith) (#$genlPreds #$cohabitants #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$cohabitants #$cohabitants) (#$arg1Isa #$cohabitants #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$cohabitants #$Animal) (#$comment #$cohabitants "(#$cohabitants X Y) means that X and Y live together in the same dwelling structure, nest, etc. Note: in some contexts (in the real Cyc knowledge base) the arguments to this predicate are restricted to being #$Persons. Note: in many parts of the world, esp. in past centuries, people cohabit (have cohabitetd) with domesticated animals that are/were not pets.") ;;; #$cohabitingFamilyMembers (#$isa #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$FamilyRelationSlot) (#$isa #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$relatives) (#$genlPreds #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$cohabitants) (#$genlPreds #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$positiveVestedInterest) (#$genlInverse #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$cohabitingFamilyMembers) (#$arg1Isa #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$cohabitingFamilyMembers #$Animal) (#$comment #$cohabitingFamilyMembers "(#$cohabitingFamilyMembers X Y) means that X and Y are family members (relatives, spouses, in-laws) living with one another. If the members of a family no longer live together, they are still members of a #$Family-SocialEntity, but they are no longer members of the same #$FamilyCohabitationUnit. Note: In the #$HumanSocialLifeMt context, X and Y must be #$Persons. In the #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt context, they can be any #$Animals at all.") ;;; #$cohesivenessOfObject (#$isa #$cohesivenessOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$isa #$cohesivenessOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$cohesivenessOfObject #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$cohesivenessOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$cohesivenessOfObject #$Cohesiveness) (#$comment #$cohesivenessOfObject "(#$cohesivenessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how tightly a tangible object OBJ coheres. A higher value of DEGREE means that it is harder to separate away chunks from the object.") ;;; #$colorOfObject (#$isa #$colorOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$colorOfObject #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$genlPreds #$colorOfObject #$hasAttributes) (#$arg1Isa #$colorOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$colorOfObject #$Color) (#$comment #$colorOfObject "(#$colorOfObject OBJ COLOR) means that a significant fraction of some visible part of the tangible object OBJ has the #$Color COLOR.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$colorOfObject #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COLOR-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$comment (#$isa #$comment #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$comment #$MetaKnowledgePredicate) (#$isa #$comment #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$comment #$Thing) (#$arg1Isa #$comment #$CycIndexedTerm) (#$arg2Isa #$comment #$CycSystemAtom) (#$arg2Isa #$comment #$CharacterString) (#$arg2Isa #$comment #$CycSystemString) (#$comment #$comment "#$comment is a predicate belonging to the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. #$comment is used to relate Cyc constants to (usually) brief English explanations of their meaning and use, as an aid to humans browsing through the Cyc Knowledge Base. (#$comment CONST STRING) means that STRING is an instance of #$CycSystemString that contains an explanation of the Cyc constant CONST. Example: what you are reading now.") ;;; #$commitsForFutureUses (#$isa #$commitsForFutureUses #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$commitsForFutureUses #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$commitsForFutureUses #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$commitsForFutureUses #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$commitsForFutureUses #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$commitsForFutureUses #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$commitsForFutureUses "(#$commitsForFutureUses EVENT OBJECT) means that as a result of EVENT, OBJECT is subsequently put into a configuration and/or a form where it is serving some ongoing #$Role. Things which are re-usable in their typical uses: a videocassette, a battery, a brick, an artist's canvas, a canvas tent. Non-reusable things: paint, glue, mortar. See also #$inputsCommitted, #$recyclableActors. Consider a brick in a wall in a building. It is `committed for future use' in the role of part-of-a-wall in the event of that building existing. While the building is standing, it can't be part-of-a-wall in another building, though it could serve other roles such as an artistic accent, or to anchor a coat-hook. After the building is torn down, that brick might still be intact, and could be used as part-of-a-wall in a future building. Notice that the brick isn't necessarily transformed by being part of a wall. However, so long as OBJECT serves the use to which it is `assigned' by EVENT, OBJECT is unavailable to be assigned the same #$Role by another event of the same type, at least an event that would temporally intersect with this committed use of OBJECT. That is what is meant by it being `committed' for a particular future use. An object may be re-used in a similar event, ONLY IF the #$Role to which it was assigned in EVENT either comes to its natural end or is given up (or thwarted), or in cases where EVENT is composed of discontinous pieces of time --- to illustrate that latter case, consider a tent that's used to shelter a certain group of workers on weekdays, but is used to shelter a different group in a different location on weekends.") ;;; #$communicationTarget (#$isa #$communicationTarget #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$communicationTarget #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$communicationTarget #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$communicationTarget #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$communicationTarget #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$arg2Isa #$communicationTarget #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$communicationTarget "The predicate #$communicationTarget is used to indicate the intended recipient in a communication. (#$communicationTarget COMM OBJ) means that the agent who originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single COM intends the #$recipientOfInfo to be OBJ. Normally, OBJ is an instance of #$Agent.") ;;; #$communicationToken (#$isa #$communicationToken #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$communicationToken #$Role) (#$arg1Isa #$communicationToken #$Communicating) (#$arg2Isa #$communicationToken #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$communicationToken "The predicate #$communicationToken is used to indicate the particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) that is instrumental in a particular communication. (#$communicationToken COM IBT) means that IBT is an #$InformationBearingThing that carries the information transferred in the #$Communicating COM. A communication event transfers the information content of IBT from one agent to some other(s). IBT may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch (e.g., a staying hand).") ;;; #$competingAgents (#$isa #$competingAgents #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$competingAgents #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$competingAgents #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$competingAgents #$socialParticipants) (#$arg1Isa #$competingAgents #$Competition) (#$arg2Isa #$competingAgents #$Agent) (#$comment #$competingAgents "(#$competingAgents COMPETITN AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is a competitor in the contest or competition COMPETITN. This excludes many participants of such events, such as referees, judges, and spectators.") ;;; #$compressibilityOfObject (#$isa #$compressibilityOfObject #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$isa #$compressibilityOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$compressibilityOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$compressibilityOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$compressibilityOfObject #$Compressibility) (#$comment #$compressibilityOfObject "(#$compressibilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how readily the tangible object OBJ can be compressed to a smaller volume. The higher the DEGREE of compressibility, the more easily the object can be compressed to a smaller volume. A related concept is #$elasticityOfObject.") ;;; #$connectedByPathType (#$isa #$connectedByPathType #$TernaryPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedByPathType #$SpatialPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$connectedByPathType #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$connectedByPathType #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg3Isa #$connectedByPathType #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$connectedByPathType "(#$connectedByPathType PATHTYPE THING1 THING2) means that there is some path of PATHTYPE links connecting THING1 and THING2, where PATHTYPE is some type of linking object that can link two things, like a road, wire, tie-rod, tube, nerve, rope, etc. This means that the two are connected somehow by one or more paths consisting of links of type PATHTYPE, and that there is no permanent barrier or gap preventing all forms of access along all of those paths.") ;;; #$connectedTo (#$isa #$connectedTo #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$connectedTo #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlInverse #$connectedTo #$connectedTo) (#$arg1Isa #$connectedTo #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$connectedTo #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$connectedTo "(#$connectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are configured in a way that allows only certain types of relative motion between them. A hinged connection, for example, allows limited rotational motion between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ2 at least must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. In many cases, being #$connectedTo implicitly involves a third object; e.g., a door frame that is #$connectedTo a door by a separate piece, a door hinge.") ;;; #$connectedTo-Rigidly (#$isa #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$isa #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$touchesDirectly) (#$genlPreds #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$connectedTo) (#$genlInverse #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$connectedTo-Rigidly) (#$arg1Isa #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$connectedTo-Rigidly #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$connectedTo-Rigidly "(#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are joined so that no relative motion between them can occur unless the connection is severed by breakage of some part of the connected objects or by disassembly of the connection. Both of the connected objects are solid.") ;;; #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly (#$not (#$isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$connectedTo) (#$genlInverse #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly) (#$arg1Isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$connectedTo-SemiRigidly "(#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is a physical connection between OBJ1 and OBJ2 such that due to the flexibility of a connector, OBJ1, or OBJ2, limited movement around the point of connection is possible. Positive exemplars include a book flap hinged to the spine of a book (see #$flapHingedTo), the #$GallBladder's attachment to the #$Liver. Negative exemplars include a wheel and axle or a door hinged to a door frame because the degrees of freedom of the object arise out of geometrical/mechanical properties of the objects and their connectors, not out of the flexibity of said objects. Note that all flexible connections have a limit to their relative motion. An extreme example of such a limit is in the connection between a propeller and the fuselage of a rubber band powered airplane.") ;;; #$connotes (#$isa #$connotes #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$isa #$connotes #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$connotes #$Individual) (#$arg1Isa #$connotes #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$connotes #$Thing) (#$arg3Isa #$connotes #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$connotes "(#$connotes OBJ-1 OBJ-2 DEGREE) means that as a consequence of perceiving one thing (OBJ-1), a typical sane intelligent perceiving agent would likely think of another thing (OBJ-2) with a strength of association indicated by DEGREE. E.g., (#$connotes #$GermanNaziParty #$Prejudice #$High), (#$connotes #$Lenat #$Cyc #$High). This predicate is sometimes symmetric, but often not.") ;;; #$constituents (#$isa #$constituents #$CompositionPredicate) (#$isa #$constituents #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$constituents #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$constituents #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$constituents #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$constituents #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$constituents #$physicalDecompositions) (#$arg1Isa #$constituents #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$constituents #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$constituents "The predicate #$constituents is used to indicate a particular #$PartiallyTangible which makes up another (possibly non-distinct) #$PartiallyTangible thing. (#$constituents WHL PART) means that the individual object WHL is partially constituted by PART, and PART is more or less uniformly distributed in WHL. For example, the two teaspoons of chocolate syrup that I put in my milk become #$constituents of my glass of chocolate milk. Note that #$constituents does not entail any special kind of association or bond among the constituents of a thing; they might be simply mixed, they might be chemically bonded, and they might be part of some complex structure.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$constituents #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MADE-OF") ;;; #$constrainingObject (#$isa #$constrainingObject #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$constrainingObject #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$constrainingObject #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$constrainingObject #$postActors) (#$genlPreds #$constrainingObject #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$constrainingObject #$MovementEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$constrainingObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$constrainingObject "(#$constrainingObject MOTION OBJ) means that OBJ physically constrains the motion of some #$objectMoving in the #$MovementEvent MOTION. The #$constrainingObject necessarily #$touches the #$objectMoving during at least part of MOTION. Examples of #$constrainingObjects include: an axle constraining a wheel turning, a car or other #$transporter carrying passengers, and a railroad track guiding a train. As these examples show, a #$constrainingObject may or may not be moving. A road driven on by a car is a marginally negative example of a #$constrainingObject, because the car can drive off the road, though the road does facilitate its motion.") ;;; #$consumesPortion (#$isa #$consumesPortion #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$consumesPortion #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$consumesPortion #$objectActedOn) (#$arg1Isa #$consumesPortion #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$consumesPortion #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$consumesPortion "(#$consumesPortion ?EV ?OBJ) means that a portion of the object ?OBJ is used up (consumed) in the event ?EV. However, enough of ?OBJ remains at the end of ?EV for it to maintain its identity. Thus #$consumesPortion would be appropriate for an apple that has a bite taken out of it in an eating event, but not for an apple that has been eaten to its core, since the latter is no longer an apple.") ;;; #$containsCavity (#$isa #$containsCavity #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$containsCavity #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$containsCavity #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$containsCavity #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$containsCavity #$physicalDecompositions) (#$arg1Isa #$containsCavity #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$containsCavity #$Cavity) (#$comment #$containsCavity "(containsCavity OBJ CAV) means that the object OBJ contains the #$Cavity CAV somewhere in it or on its surface. The cavity of a container could be, e.g., the interior of a box with its walls.") ;;; #$containsInformation (#$isa #$containsInformation #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$isa #$containsInformation #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$containsInformation #$InformationBearingThing) (#$arg2Isa #$containsInformation #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$containsInformation "(#$containsInformation ?IBT ?INFO) means that ?INFO is part of the information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, ?IBT.") ;;; #$containsPortals (#$isa #$containsPortals #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$containsPortals #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$containsPortals #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$containsPortals #$physicalParts) (#$genlPreds #$containsPortals #$containsCavity) (#$arg1Isa #$containsPortals #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$containsPortals #$Portal) (#$arg2Isa #$containsPortals #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$containsPortals "The portals of this container.") ;;; #$contiguousAfter (#$isa #$contiguousAfter #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$contiguousAfter #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$contiguousAfter #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$contiguousAfter #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$contiguousAfter #$startsAfterEndingOf) (#$arg1Isa #$contiguousAfter #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$contiguousAfter #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$contiguousAfter "(#$contiguousAfter AFTER BEFORE) means that AFTER starts immediately following BEFORE. The two events have no time points in common, but there is no time point between them --- i.e., between the ending of the first one (BEFORE) and the starting of the second one (AFTER). E.g., one can use this predicate to state an axiom that adolescence is #$contiguousAfter childhood. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is similar, but not equivalent to, what James Allen independently dubbed the METBY relation.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$contiguousAfter #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SINCE") ;;; #$continuouslyConnectedTo (#$not (#$isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$ShapeDescribingPredicate) (#$isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$touchesDirectly) (#$genlInverse #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$continuouslyConnectedTo) (#$arg1Isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$continuouslyConnectedTo #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$continuouslyConnectedTo "(continuouslyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$PartiallyTangibles which are are directly and almost seamlessly connected (e.g. they are formed from the same chunk of material, with no substantial barrier or surface or gap separating them.).") ;;; #$contraryFeelings (#$isa #$contraryFeelings #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$contraryFeelings #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$contraryFeelings #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$contraryFeelings #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$contraryFeelings #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$contraryFeelings #$contrastedFeelings) (#$genlInverse #$contraryFeelings #$contraryFeelings) (#$arg1Isa #$contraryFeelings #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$contraryFeelings #$FeelingAttribute) (#$arg2Isa #$contraryFeelings #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg2Genl #$contraryFeelings #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$contraryFeelings "(#$contraryFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE is contrary to a feeling of the type CONTTYPE. One feeling is contrary to another if they are opposed in almost all their components. See also #$contrastedFeelings. It would be very rare for someone to feel both an EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE at the same time, especially about the same thing/event/situation. E.g., (#$contraryFeelings #$Gloominess #$Cheerfulness), (#$contraryFeelings #$Respect #$Contempt), (#$contraryFeelings #$Shame #$Pride), and so on.") ;;; #$contrastedFeelings (#$isa #$contrastedFeelings #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$contrastedFeelings #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$contrastedFeelings #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$contrastedFeelings #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlInverse #$contrastedFeelings #$contrastedFeelings) (#$arg1Isa #$contrastedFeelings #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$contrastedFeelings #$FeelingAttribute) (#$arg2Isa #$contrastedFeelings #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$arg2Genl #$contrastedFeelings #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$contrastedFeelings "(#$contrastedFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a feeling of the type EMOTYPE differs in enough components from a feeling of the type CONTTYPE that it is unlikely (but not virtually impossible, as in the case of #$contraryFeelings) that someone would simultaneously experience feelings of both types EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE, especially with respect to the same object. E.g., (#$contrastedFeelings #$Pride #$Remorse), (#$contrastedFeelings #$Abhorrence #$Respect), (#$contrastedFeelings #$Entertained-Emotion #$Panic), etc. That last assertion expresses the rule of thumb that one does not often feel both entertained and panicy at the same time, though those two emotions are clearly not each other's `opposite' by any means.") ;;; #$contrastive-RST (#$isa #$contrastive-RST #$RSTRelation) (#$isa #$contrastive-RST #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlInverse #$contrastive-RST #$contrastive-RST) (#$arg1Isa #$contrastive-RST #$LinguisticObject) (#$arg2Isa #$contrastive-RST #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$contrastive-RST "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when ARG1 and ARG2 are presented as being similar in many ways but contrasting in ways the speaker wants to point out.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$contrastive-RST #$SENSUS-Information1997 "RST-CONTRASTIVE") ;;; #$controls (#$not (#$isa #$controls #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$controls #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$controls #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$controls #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$controls #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$controls #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$controls #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$controls #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$controls #$positiveVestedInterest) (#$arg1Isa #$controls #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$controls #$Individual) (#$comment #$controls "(#$controls X Y) represents that assertion that agent X controls the object Y, in one of the following 2 senses: X can influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the behavior of Y; or else X can at least influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the behavior of other #$Agents in/concerning Y. For example, Fred may control his horse directly, forcing it to do things, or not do them; and he also could control the horse indirectly, by deciding who else has access to and use of that horse. Control of one agent over another agent is rarely total, of course, so this predicate is most likely to apply to a Y which is a non-living possession, and/or to apply in a very narrow context. X's control over Y is usually either actual (de facto) control or legal (de jure) control. It is usually #$cotemporal, meaning that some time slice of X controls the same temporal time slice of Y.") ;;; #$conveyor-Stationary (#$isa #$conveyor-Stationary #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$conveyor-Stationary #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$conveyor-Stationary #$instrument-Generic) (#$arg1Isa #$conveyor-Stationary #$TransportationEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$conveyor-Stationary #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$conveyor-Stationary "(conveyor-Stationary ?TRAN ?CONV) means that in the transportation event ?TRAN, ?CONV is a conveyor just like a transporter except it does not move together with the transportee along the path of the transportation. For example, a river can move aboat from a location to another, and a conveyor belt can move some objects from one place to another, without itself moving with them inthe literal sense, i.e., the river does not change its location(though some pieces of water in the river do) together with the boat, nor does the conveyor belt move with the objects on it from place to place (though some parts of it do).") ;;; #$cost (#$isa #$cost #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$cost #$Individual) (#$arg2Isa #$cost #$Money) (#$comment #$cost "(#$cost OBJECT MONEY) means that buying OBJECT costs the amount MONEY, where this amount can be an interval. The #$cost of something is time- and seller-dependent. For example, the cost of a particular mansion Grey Gables is US$800,000 in an actual sale, or when offered for sale; #$cost does not refer to appraised value.") ;;; #$costPerQuantity (#$isa #$costPerQuantity #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$costPerQuantity #$ProductType) (#$arg1Isa #$costPerQuantity #$StuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$costPerQuantity #$Product) (#$arg2Isa #$costPerQuantity #$PhysicalAmountSlot) (#$arg3Isa #$costPerQuantity #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg4Isa #$costPerQuantity #$Money) (#$comment #$costPerQuantity "The predicate #$costPerQuantity gives the price for a measured amount of some type of stuff. (#$costPerQuantity STUFF UNITS QUANTITY PRICE) means that this kind of STUFF costs PRICE for each QUANTITY of UNITS. For example, #$Milk, as measured by volume (i.e., by the predicate #$volumeOfObject), costs about US $3 per gallon.") ;;; #$cotemporal (#$isa #$cotemporal #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$cotemporal #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$cotemporal #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$cotemporal #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$cotemporal #$temporallySubsumes) (#$genlPreds #$cotemporal #$temporalBoundsIdentical) (#$genlInverse #$cotemporal #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$cotemporal #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$cotemporal #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$cotemporal "(#$cotemporal X Y) means that X and Y have the exact same temporal extent. This is a much stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical (q.v.). Note: Cyc's #$cotemporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the EQUALS relation.") ;;; #$cotemporalSubEvents (#$isa #$cotemporalSubEvents #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$cotemporalSubEvents #$SubProcessSlot) (#$genlPreds #$cotemporalSubEvents #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$cotemporalSubEvents #$subEvents) (#$arg1Isa #$cotemporalSubEvents #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$cotemporalSubEvents #$Event) (#$comment #$cotemporalSubEvents "The Cyc predicate #$cotemporalSubEvents is used to relate an event to some sub-portion of the event which has the same duration as the whole event but doesn't include everything that happens. (#$cotemporalSubEvents WHOLE PART) means that WHOLE and PART are cotemporal events (i.e., they have the same exact duration), and PART is a component of WHOLE. For example, a particular element of #$RainStorm may have distinguishable #$cotemporalSubEvents for (1) raining and (2) wind blowing. Or, an instance of swimming #$Backstroke has separable events for (1) kicking and (2) arm motion throughout the swimming. #$cotemporalSubEvents allows us to identify them and state different things about the distinct processes. See also #$cotemporal, #$subEvents.") ;;; #$countryOfAddress (#$isa #$countryOfAddress #$FunctionalSlot) (#$genlPreds #$countryOfAddress #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$countryOfAddress #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$countryOfAddress #$Country) (#$comment #$countryOfAddress "(#$countryOfAddress LOC COUNTRY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is located in the #$Country COUNTRY. For example, #$Cycorp's #$countryOfAddress is the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. See also #$ContactLocation.") ;;; #$covering (#$isa #$covering #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$covering #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg2Isa #$covering #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$covering "(#$covering SETORCOL COVER) means that the mathematical set or collection COVER is a covering of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL -- that is, the elements of COVER are themselves mathematical sets or collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of at least one of the elements of COVER. For example, the Linnaean taxonomy of types of living things (Dog, Mammal, Chordate, Fungus, etc.) is a covering of the set of all animals alive today. Every animal alive today is a member of one or more of the Linnaean categories. A covering set or collection COVER may contain `extra' elements, which are not members of SETORCOL. For example, the union of all the Linnaean categories (see #$OrganismClassificationType) is actually much larger than the set of animals alive today, encompassing plants, extinct animal species, etc. In order to express an assertion about covering, one need not create a new constant from scratch to play the role of COVER if such a constant doesn't already exist. Instead, one can specify a covering set by enumerating its elements, using the function #$TheCovering. (This is a special #$ReifiableFunction whose principal reason-for-being is to facilitate the inference heuristics associated with assertions about covering.)") ;;; #$covers-Baglike (#$isa #$covers-Baglike #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Baglike #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Baglike #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$covers-Baglike #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Baglike #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Baglike #$surroundsCompletely) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Baglike #$touches) (#$genlInverse #$covers-Baglike #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$covers-Baglike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$covers-Baglike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$covers-Baglike "(#$covers-Baglike WRAP OBJECT) means that WRAP covers OBJECT as a continuous sheet wrapping wholly around object. WRAP #$touches OBJECT, so there is nothing greater than a sheet thickness separating them. OBJECT is totally enclosed in WRAP.") ;;; #$covers-Hairlike (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Hairlike #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Hairlike #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$covers-Hairlike #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$covers-Hairlike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$covers-Hairlike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$covers-Hairlike "(#$covers-Hairlike HAIR OBJECT) means that HAIR consists of a mob of things that are embedded close together in OBJECT and cover some portion of its surface. See also #$Mob.") ;;; #$covers-Paintlike (#$isa #$covers-Paintlike #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$covers-Paintlike #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Paintlike #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Paintlike #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Paintlike #$touches) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Paintlike #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$covers-Paintlike #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$covers-Paintlike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$covers-Paintlike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$covers-Paintlike "(covers-Paintlike COATING OBJECT) means that COATING adheres to and covers OBJECT like a coat of paint. COATING touchesDirectly onto OBJECT. COATING may be either dry (e.g., dried paint) or liquid (e.g., lubricant spread on a surface, like cooking oil on a baking pan). Like paint, COATING isn't more cohesive with itself thanit is with OBJECT, so (if dry) it would tend to peel or flake off in small pieces, rather than as a whole.") ;;; #$covers-Ruglike (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Ruglike #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Ruglike #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$covers-Ruglike #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$covers-Ruglike #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$covers-Ruglike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$covers-Ruglike "(#$covers-Ruglike MAT OBJECT) means that MAT covers at least part of one surface of OBJECT. MAT is #$SheetShaped, and MAT lies with its two longer dimensions parallel to OBJECT. See also #$coversWithConformity.") ;;; #$covers-Skinlike (#$not (#$isa #$covers-Skinlike #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$covers-Skinlike #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$covers-Skinlike #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Skinlike #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$covers-Skinlike #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$covers-Skinlike #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Skinlike #$touches) (#$genlPreds #$covers-Skinlike #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$covers-Skinlike #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$covers-Skinlike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$covers-Skinlike #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$covers-Skinlike "(#$covers-Skinlike SKIN OBJECT) means that SKIN forms all or part of OBJECT's outer surface, shell, or skin. The predicate is agnostic as to whether SKIN is a part of OBJECT.") ;;; #$coversWithConformity (#$isa #$coversWithConformity #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$coversWithConformity #$TernaryPredicate) (#$isa #$coversWithConformity #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$coversWithConformity #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$coversWithConformity #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$arg3Isa #$coversWithConformity #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$coversWithConformity "(#$coversWithConformity OBJ SHEET LEVEL) means that OBJ is covered by SHEET, and SHEET conforms to the surface features of OBJ to the degree LEVEL. SHEET may cover OBJ in either the sense of #$covers-Ruglike or #$covers-Baglike. For example, hosiery covers legs with a #$High degree of conformity; sweat pants have #$Low conformity to legs.") ;;; #$customers (#$isa #$customers #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$customers #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$customers #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$customers #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$customers #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$customers #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$customers #$doesBusinessWith) (#$genlPreds #$customers #$clients) (#$genlPreds #$customers #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$customers #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$customers #$Agent) (#$comment #$customers "The predicate #$customers represents a relationship between two #$Agents. (#$customers AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 sells goods and/or services to AGENT2. AGENT2 must actually buy something from AGENT1 in order to be one of AGENT1's #$customers. (Thus, #$customers has a narrower meaning than `customer' in colloquial English, which includes potential buyers.) See also #$clients. Cf. #$buyingAgent (in a particular sales event). ") ;;; #$cycleInSystem (#$isa #$cycleInSystem #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$cycleInSystem #$Path-Generic) (#$arg2Isa #$cycleInSystem #$Thing) (#$comment #$cycleInSystem "(#$cycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that CYCLE is a cycle in the path system SYS. A cycle in SYS is either a loop in SYS or the concatenation of two different paths PATH1 and PATH2 in SYS satisfying (i) there are two points X and Y in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH1 X Y SYS) and (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH2 X Y SYS), and (ii) no point in SYS other than X and Y is on both PATH1 and PATH2.") ;;; #$cyclistNotes (#$isa #$cyclistNotes #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate) (#$isa #$cyclistNotes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$cyclistNotes #$CycIndexedTerm) (#$arg2Isa #$cyclistNotes #$CycSystemString) (#$comment #$cyclistNotes "(#$cyclistNotes X S) means that S is a string of text that usually conveys a message useful to others involved in building the Cyc KB. This might include warnings ('don't use this!'), plans for future expansion or changes, etc.") ;;; #$dailyHighTemperature (#$isa #$dailyHighTemperature #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$dailyHighTemperature #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$dailyHighTemperature #$Temperature) (#$comment #$dailyHighTemperature "(#$dailyHighTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the #$Temperature TEMP is the high temperature for a day at the #$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyHighTemperature is typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a particular day or a specific season); it may be used with generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures. Examples: using #$holdsIn, we can say that Austin's temperature for 7/20/96 is 102 degrees Fahrenheit; or we can say that for any #$SummerSeason, Austin's [typical] #$dailyHighTemperature is #$VeryHot.") ;;; #$dailyLowTemperature (#$isa #$dailyLowTemperature #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$dailyLowTemperature #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$dailyLowTemperature #$Temperature) (#$comment #$dailyLowTemperature "(#$dailyLowTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the #$Temperature TEMP is the low temperature for a day at the #$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyLowTemperature is typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a particular day or a specific season); it may be used with generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures.") ;;; #$damages (#$isa #$damages #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$damages #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$damages #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$damages #$objectActedOn) (#$genlPreds #$damages #$maleficiary) (#$arg1Isa #$damages #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$damages #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$damages "(#$damages EV OBJ) means that OBJ is acted on in EV in such a way as to end up damaged. Destruction is considered an extreme form of damage.") ;;; #$dateOfDeath (#$isa #$dateOfDeath #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$dateOfDeath #$endingDate) (#$arg1Isa #$dateOfDeath #$Entity) (#$arg2Isa #$dateOfDeath #$Date) (#$comment #$dateOfDeath "(#$dateOfDeath ?X ?Y) indicates that the #$Entity ?X ceased to exist during #$Date ?Y. For people, this is the date at which they died, hence the name of the predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath") ;;; #$deadEndInSystem (#$isa #$deadEndInSystem #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$deadEndInSystem #$pointInSystem) (#$arg1Isa #$deadEndInSystem #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$deadEndInSystem #$Thing) (#$comment #$deadEndInSystem "(#$deadEndInSystem END SYS) means that END is a dead-end node in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. A node X in SYS is a dead-end node in SYS if there is exactly one link LINK in SYS that END is on and END is not on any loop in SYS. One easy way to illustrate a deadend X in SYS is to picture it as a node with only one path (possibly very 'short') in the system through which one can approach or leave X. Note that no totally isolated node in SYS can be a deadend in SYS, neither can any point in SYS that is on a loop in SYS. If there is no specified #$PathSystem in which the path ends, but the ending is a dead end of a #$Path-Customary like a road or wire, then use #$pathTerminus instead.") ;;; #$dealerFor (#$not (#$isa #$dealerFor #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dealerFor #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dealerFor #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dealerFor #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dealerFor #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dealerFor #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$dealerFor #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$dealerFor #$RetailOrganization) (#$arg2Isa #$dealerFor #$ManufacturingOrganization) (#$comment #$dealerFor "The predicate #$dealerFor relates a retailer to the manufacturer(s) whose products are sold by that retailer. (#$dealerFor RETAILER MANUF) means that the #$RetailOrganization RETAILER is a dealer for products made by the #$ManufacturingOrganization MANUF. RETAILER may be only one of many dealers. RETAIL sells MANUF's products to the final consumers.") ;;; #$defendants (#$isa #$defendants #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$defendants #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$defendants #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$defendants #$litigants) (#$arg1Isa #$defendants #$Trial) (#$arg2Isa #$defendants #$Agent) (#$comment #$defendants " (defendants ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2 is the accused party in the lawsuit ARG1.") ;;; #$defnIff (#$isa #$defnIff #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$defnIff #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate) (#$isa #$defnIff #$FunctionalSlot) (#$genlPreds #$defnIff #$defnSufficient) (#$arg1Isa #$defnIff #$Collection) (#$arg2Isa #$defnIff #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$defnIff "(#$defnIff COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a necessary and sufficient test for inclusion in the #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item, that item is considered an element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's requirements. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnSufficient.") ;;; #$defnNecessary (#$isa #$defnNecessary #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$defnNecessary #$Collection) (#$arg2Isa #$defnNecessary #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$defnNecessary "(#$defnNecessary COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a necessary definition for membership in the Cyc #$Collection COL. Only if TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item can that item be considered an element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's requirements, although there may be additional requirements for membership in COL as well. Cf. #$defnIff and #$defnSufficient.") ;;; #$defnSufficient (#$isa #$defnSufficient #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate) (#$isa #$defnSufficient #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$defnSufficient #$Collection) (#$arg2Isa #$defnSufficient #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$defnSufficient "(#$defnSufficient COL TEST) means that TEST is the name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST acts as a sufficient definition for inclusion in the Cyc #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to a particular item, that item is considered an element of COL. Note that TEST isn't necessarily a necessary test for membership in COL; i.e., not all elements of COL must pass the test, unless TEST is also a #$defnNecessary for COL. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnIff.") ;;; #$deliberateActors (#$isa #$deliberateActors #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$deliberateActors #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$deliberateActors #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$deliberateActors #$Agent) (#$comment #$deliberateActors "(#$deliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that the #$Agent ACTR is conscious, volitional, purposeful in the event ACT. ACTR is aware of acting in ACT and chooses to play the role he/she/it has in that event; i.e., ACTR has some purpose in mind. Note: If you do something deliberately but you fail, you are still a #$deliberateActors. For instance, you are a near-sighted doer of #$ShowingSupportForSomeone at a fencing match, and it turns out you were cheering for Fred when you thought you were cheering for Joe; nevertheless, you are still one of the #$deliberateActors in the #$ShowingSupportForSomeone event. Note: Legal responsibility is a separte issue from `deliberateness.' Doing something in a fit of rage (e.g. a crime of passion) still involves purpose, volition, and consciousness even if considered for only an instant, and even if the laws and courts find you not guilty.") ;;; #$denotation (#$isa #$denotation #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$denotation #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$denotation #$EnglishWord) (#$arg2Isa #$denotation #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$denotation #$SpeechPart) (#$arg3Isa #$denotation #$Integer) (#$arg4Isa #$denotation #$Thing) (#$comment #$denotation "The predicate #$denotation is used to relate English words to their denotations within the Cyc Knowledge Base. Some words have multiple denotations associated with different word senses, which may or may not occur in the same parts of speech. (#$denotation WORD PART NUM CONST) means that the denotation of WORD, with part of speech PART and word sense number NUM, is the Cyc constant CONST. Examples: (1) #$Place-TheWord, an instance of #$EnglishWord, has the denotation #$PuttingSomethingSomewhere when used as a #$Verb with its word sense 0, and the denotation #$Place when used as a #$SimpleNoun with that same word sense; (2) #$Ring-TheWord currently has four #$denotation assertions in the KB: #$EmittingSound (as a #$Verb with its 1st word sense); #$AudibleSound (as a #$SimpleNoun with its 1st word sense); #$RingShape (as a #$SimpleNoun with its 0th word sense); and #$Ring-Jewelry (as a #$SimpleNoun with its 2nd word sense). Note that #$denotation may reference the results of Cyc functions, as well as Cyc constants; e.g., #$Density-TheWord denotes (#$IntervalMinFn (#$LowAmountFn #$Density)). See also #$WordSense, #$SpeechPart.") ;;; #$densityOfObject (#$isa #$densityOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$densityOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$densityOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$densityOfObject #$Density) (#$comment #$densityOfObject "(#$densityOfObject OBJ DENS) means that the tangible thing OBJ has the #$Density DENS.") ;;; #$desires (#$isa #$desires #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$desires #$IntelligentAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$desires #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$desires "(#$desires AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT desires that the world be as the proposition PROP (represented by a #$CycFormula) describes it to be. #$desires is implied by #$goals, but is weaker: PROP might be some desirable state of affairs that the agent is not actively working, or planning, to make/keep true; e.g., #$WorldPeace. See also #$goals and #$intends.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$desires #$SENSUS-Information1997 "WANTING") ;;; #$destination-RoundTrip (#$isa #$destination-RoundTrip #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$destination-RoundTrip #$nonDeliberateActors) (#$arg1Isa #$destination-RoundTrip #$Translation-RoundTrip) (#$arg2Isa #$destination-RoundTrip #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$destination-RoundTrip "(#$destination-RoundTrip TRIP PLACE) means that PLACE is the destination (i.e., the #$toLocation) of the OUTBOUND leg of the round-trip event TRIP. PLACE is where the #$objectMoving in TRIP goes and then returns from. See also #$origin-RoundTrip, #$Translation-RoundTrip, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip.") ;;; #$developerOfIBTType (#$isa #$developerOfIBTType #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$developerOfIBTType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$developerOfIBTType #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType) (#$arg2Isa #$developerOfIBTType #$Agent) (#$comment #$developerOfIBTType "The predicate #$developerOfIBTType relates a specific work to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType IBTTYPE, which may be a book, television show, computer program, musical score, etc. Examples: #$Lenat is a #$developerOfIBTType for the #$CycKB; #$OrsonWelles is a #$developerOfIBTType for #$CitizenKane-TheMovie.") ;;; #$deviceControlledBy (#$isa #$deviceControlledBy #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$deviceControlledBy #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$deviceControlledBy #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$deviceControlledBy #$PhysicalDevice) (#$arg2Isa #$deviceControlledBy #$ControlDevice) (#$comment #$deviceControlledBy "(#$deviceControlledBy DEV CONTROL) means that CONTROL is a #$ControlDevice that controls #$PhysicalDevice DEV. Most of the time, the controls will be #$physicalParts of the device. However there are some notable exceptions -- one's TV remote control, for example -- which control a device but are not #$physicalParts of that device.") ;;; #$deviceUsed (#$isa #$deviceUsed #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$deviceUsed #$instrument-Generic) (#$arg1Isa #$deviceUsed #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$deviceUsed #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$deviceUsed "The predicate #$deviceUsed indicates that a particular device is used in a particular event. (#$deviceUsed EVENT OBJECT) means that the #$PhysicalDevice OBJECT plays an instrumental role in the #$Event EVENT. (See also #$instrument-Generic.) OBJECT is intentionally used in EVENT, and standardly (e.g., in the #$HumanActivitiesMt) OBJECT's role in EVENT is consistent with the object's #$primaryFunction.") ;;; #$different (#$isa #$different #$Predicate) (#$isa #$different #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$different #$VariableArityRelation) (#$isa #$different #$CommutativeRelation) (#$argsIsa #$different #$Thing) (#$comment #$different "The variable-arity predicate #$different is used to state the non-identity of two or more objects. (#$different X1 X2 ... Xn) means that each Xi given as an argument is not equal to any of the other Xi's. #$different is an element of #$EvaluatableFunction (q.v.). See also #$equals. #$different can be used to simplify formulas when several things need to be tested for mutual inequality.") ;;; #$differentInAttribute (#$isa #$differentInAttribute #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$differentInAttribute #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$differentInAttribute #$Thing) (#$arg3Isa #$differentInAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$differentInAttribute "(#$differentInAttribute THING1 THING2 ATTRIBUTE) means that the two things THING1 and THING2 do not have the same values of the #$AttributeType ATTRIBUTE. Here 'the same' could mean means complete identity or close resemblance -- what this 'different' means, and what the standard of closeness or identity is, depends on the context, but #$differentInAttribute and #$identicalInAttribute cannot both be correctly asserted of the same two things. See also #$resemblesInAttribute, and #$differentInAttribute.") ;;; #$directingAgent (#$isa #$directingAgent #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$directingAgent #$deliberateActors) (#$arg1Isa #$directingAgent #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$directingAgent #$Agent) (#$comment #$directingAgent "(#$directingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the agents that is in control of or directing ACT, but not necessarily directly performing it. If, in the event ACT, an agent other than AGENT has the #$performedBy role, then that performer's actions in ACT are directed by AGENT. For example, (#$directingAgent PSOBicentennialConcertOfBeethovensNinth #WilliamSteinberg) is true, because Steinberg was the conductor of that concert; he directed the many other musicians who performed in that event. Another case: (#$directingAgent MassacreAtMyLai LtWilliamCalley). The type of direction implied by #$directingAgent is the kind that can be accomplished by AGENT communicating its desires to the actual performer(s) of ACT. So, a person would be the #$directingAgent in a clothes-washing event #$doneBy a washing machine ONLY in those contexts in which we can consider the machine an agent, acting intentionally.") ;;; #$direction-Pointing (#$isa #$direction-Pointing #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$direction-Pointing #$SpatialPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$direction-Pointing #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$direction-Pointing #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$direction-Pointing "(#$direction-Pointing OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic pointing axis of OBJ points in the direction DIR (which is described using an instance of #$UnitVectorInterval). Pointing axes may be ascribed to certain objects especially in relation to their function(s); e.g., objects which are intended to indicate direction (e.g., a pointer stick, a compass needle); objects which cause motion in a certain direction (e.g., a gun, a train); objects which are accessed from a certain direction (e.g., cupboards, couches).") ;;; #$directionBetweenObjects (#$isa #$directionBetweenObjects #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$directionBetweenObjects #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$directionBetweenObjects #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg3Isa #$directionBetweenObjects #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$directionBetweenObjects "(#$directionBetweenObjects OBJ1 OBJ2 UVI) means that UVI, an element of #$UnitVectorInterval, is a vector or set of vectors which point(s) from a point (or set of points) in OBJ1 to a point (or set of points) in OBJ2. See also #$VectorFromToFn which is roughly interchangeable with #$directionBetweenObjects. #$directionBetweenObjects has the advantage that an arbitrarily precise direction may be specified. #$VectorFromToFn saves the user from doing the labor involved with reifiing and from having to know the direction between OBJ1 and OBJ2.") ;;; #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout (#$isa #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$directionOfTranslation-Throughout "(#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout MOVEMENT DIR) means that the #$objectMoving in the MOVEMENT #$Event translates in the direction DIR throughout MOVEMENT. In a #$Translation-MultiPath event, where there are several objects moving and following different pathways, this means that at least one of those objects moves in direction DIR. Note: It may turn out, in the future, to be worth creating a ternary version of this, which specifies which direction each particular #$objectMoving moves in.") ;;; #$dirtinessOfObject (#$isa #$dirtinessOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$dirtinessOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$dirtinessOfObject #$Dirtiness) (#$comment #$dirtinessOfObject "(#$dirtinessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Dirtiness.") ;;; #$disjointWith (#$isa #$disjointWith #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$disjointWith #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$disjointWith #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate) (#$isa #$disjointWith #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$isa #$disjointWith #$RuleMacroPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$disjointWith #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$disjointWith #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlInverse #$disjointWith #$disjointWith) (#$arg1Isa #$disjointWith #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg2Isa #$disjointWith #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$disjointWith "(#$disjointWith SETORCOL1 SETORCOL2) means that the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL1 is disjoint with the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL2 -- that is, the two have no elements in common.") ;;; #$dislikesObject (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$dislikesObject #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$dislikesObject #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$dislikesObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$dislikesObject "(#$dislikesObject AGT OBJ) means that AGT feels an emotion of #$Dislike when interacting with OBJ in some way. See #$likesObject for elaboration. A specialization of #$dislikesObject is #$dislikesSensorially (qv). ") ;;; #$dislikesRoleInActivity (#$isa #$dislikesRoleInActivity #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$dislikesRoleInActivity #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$dislikesRoleInActivity #$ActorSlot) (#$arg3Isa #$dislikesRoleInActivity #$Event) (#$comment #$dislikesRoleInActivity "(#$dislikesRoleInActivity AGT ROLE EVT) means that if the #$Agent AGT has the relation ROLE to the #$Event EVT, then AGT is likely to feel #$Dissatisfaction. This predicate is useful to represent sentences such as `Joe dislikes running' or `Fred disliked receiving the flogging'.") ;;; #$dislikesSensorially (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesSensorially #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesSensorially #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesSensorially #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesSensorially #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$dislikesSensorially #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$dislikesSensorially #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$dislikesSensorially #$dislikesObject) (#$arg1Isa #$dislikesSensorially #$PerceptualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$dislikesSensorially #$SensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$dislikesSensorially "(#$dislikesSensorially AGT SENSUM) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT feels some physical discomfort from the sensory experience of SENSUM (a taste, an odor, a particular level of pain, etc. --- see #$SensoryAttribute). Note: this is a stronger statement than (#$not (#$likesSensorially AGT SENSUM)), as there may be many #$SensoryAttributes which one neither particularly likes nor dislikes.") ;;; #$distanceAboveSeaLevel (#$isa #$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$Distance) (#$comment #$distanceAboveSeaLevel "(#$distanceAboveSeaLevel REG DIST) means that the altitude above sea level of the #$GeographicalRegion REG is the #$Distance DIST. For elements of #$Mountain, distance is measured from sea level to the peak; for elements of #$Lake, from the surface to sea level; for cities, from the center of town to sea level. Examples: (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$PikesPeak-Mount (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 14110)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountEverest (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 29028)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountFuji-Volcano (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 12389)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$LakeHuron (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 580)).") ;;; #$distanceBetween (#$isa #$distanceBetween #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$isa #$distanceBetween #$TernaryPredicate) (#$isa #$distanceBetween #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$distanceBetween #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$distanceBetween #$SpatialThing) (#$arg3Isa #$distanceBetween #$Distance) (#$comment #$distanceBetween "(#$distanceBetween THIS THAT DIST) means that the distance between two things, THIS and THAT, is DIST. DIST is the length of the shortest straight line which extends from a point on THIS to a point on THAT. For example, (#$distanceBetween #$LaGuardiaAirport #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway (#$Kilometer 12)). The notion of 'straight line' depends on the context; in a Geography-related context it would be a great circle line on the Earth's surface rather than a true Euclidian straight line going through the Earth.") ;;; #$distanceOfRotation (#$isa #$distanceOfRotation #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$distanceOfRotation #$Role) (#$arg1Isa #$distanceOfRotation #$Movement-Rotation) (#$arg2Isa #$distanceOfRotation #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$arg2Isa #$distanceOfRotation #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$distanceOfRotation "This predicate indicates, for a particular rotational motion event, the total absolute value of the angular distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that event. (#$distanceOfRotation ROT DIST) means that in the event ROT, the #$objectMoving travelled the angular distance DIST. Note that this is not the same as the net angular displacement of the #$objectMoving, but rather the entire angular distance travelled. So if you unscrew a jar lid 1/6 of a turn, and later screw it back on, the #$distanceOfRotation is 120 degrees, not zero; and if you spin around ten times, your #$distanceOfRotation is 3600 degrees, not zero. Angular distance is measured in degrees, radians, etc.") ;;; #$distanceTranslated (#$isa #$distanceTranslated #$Role) (#$isa #$distanceTranslated #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$distanceTranslated #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$distanceTranslated #$Distance) (#$comment #$distanceTranslated "This predicate relates a translational movement event to the total distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that event. (#$distanceTranslated MOVE DIST) means that in the event MOVE, the #$objectMoving covered the distance DIST. Note that DIST is the actual distance travelled by the object, not merely its net change in position; so if the #$pathway-Complete of MOVE is a round trip a mile each way to the store, the #$distanceTranslated would be 2 miles, not zero.") ;;; #$doesBusinessWith (#$not (#$isa #$doesBusinessWith #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$doesBusinessWith #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$doesBusinessWith #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$doesBusinessWith #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$doesBusinessWith #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$doesBusinessWith #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$doesBusinessWith #$doesBusinessWith) (#$arg1Isa #$doesBusinessWith #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$doesBusinessWith #$Agent) (#$comment #$doesBusinessWith "The predicate #$doesBusinessWith relates two agents who do business with each other. (#$doesBusinessWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 does some business with AGENT2. Minimally, that means the two agents at least occasionally negotiate to buy or sell products or services from one other. The two agents may or may not complete the sales/purchase and enter into actual contracts.") ;;; #$domainAssumptions (#$isa #$domainAssumptions #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$domainAssumptions #$MicrotheoryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$domainAssumptions #$Microtheory) (#$arg2Isa #$domainAssumptions #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$domainAssumptions "(#$domainAssumptions M P) means that the microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption. See the comment for #$Microtheory for a detailed explanation of what the `assumptions' of a mt are, as opposed to its `content'. In brief, it means that all the `content' assertions of M assume that P is true. Another way of thinking of this is that one is `in' context M only if all its domain assumptions are true. Another way of thinking of this is that the various `content' assertions of M only apply to objects that satisfy all its #$domainAssumptions. Yes, that means that the `domain of quantifiers' (#$forAll and #$thereExists) is limited to the universe of such objects. So if it's true in M that (#$forAll ?x Q), and if we lift this axiom to another theory M2 that does not make the domain assumption P, then the axiom becomes (#$forAll ?x (#$implies P Q)). Note: Actually, what becomes true in M2 is slightly more complicated, namely: (#$forAll ?x (#$implies (#$and P1 P2 P3...) Q)), where P1, P2, P3,... are all the domain assumptions of M which are not implied by the domain assumptions of M2. Note: Domain assumption propositions --- in this case P --- must have a special format: P must contain the free variable ?U, and this ?U represents `some term which is talked about in M'. The idea is that one could have a domain assumption that said `if ?U is a person, ?U must have been born after 1950', or which said `if ?U is the performer of an event, then ?U is a person' etc. For example: (#$implies (#$isa ?U #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$isa ?U #$CreationOrDestructionEvent)) is one of the #$domainAssumptions of the #$NaiveStateChangeMt context. It says that, in that context, physical state changes of an object (e.g., melting or boiling) are viewed as creations and destructions, in which elements of #$Entity come into or go out of existence, rather than viewing them as events which preserve entityhood.") ;;; #$doneBy (#$isa #$doneBy #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$doneBy #$preActors) (#$genlPreds #$doneBy #$actors) (#$arg1Isa #$doneBy #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$doneBy #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$doneBy "The predicate #$doneBy relates an event to its `doer'. (#$doneBy EVENT DOER) means that DOER is the `doer' in the event EVENT. Some action on the part of the doer causes or carries out the event. This predicate is agnostic as to whether DOER does EVENT intentionally or not (DOER need not even be animate; e.g., the event in which Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii was #$doneBy Mount Vesuvius). See #$performedBy and #$bodilyDoer for the more specific senses of `doer' when DOER is, respectively, an agent (#$Agent) acting deliberately or a biological organism (#$Organism-Whole).") ;;; #$doorwayHasCovering (#$isa #$doorwayHasCovering #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$doorwayHasCovering #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$doorwayHasCovering #$portalHasCovering) (#$arg1Isa #$doorwayHasCovering #$Doorway) (#$arg2Isa #$doorwayHasCovering #$DoorwayCovering) (#$comment #$doorwayHasCovering "Relates a #$Doorway to the physical covering used to seal it. The user should be aware that #$Doorway, the designated arg1 for this predicate, is currently constrained to be a physical part of some instance of #$ShelterConstruction. This is because, in normal English parlance, doorways are the portals through which people pass to get in and out of shelter constructions, and from room to room. Planes, trains, automobiles, and other vehicles are not conventionally said to have #$Doorways, and if the aim is to assert something about the #$PortalCoverings of a vehicle, #$portalHasCovering would be the appropriate predicate to use.") ;;; #$driverActor (#$isa #$driverActor #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$driverActor #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$driverActor #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$driverActor #$transportees) (#$genlPreds #$driverActor #$performedBy) (#$arg1Isa #$driverActor #$TransportationEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$driverActor #$Person) (#$comment #$driverActor "(#$driverActor DRIVE DRIVER) means that DRIVER controls (see #$ControllingATransporter) the #$transporter in DRIVE. DRIVER steers the wheel, graps the tiller, controls the throttle, the reins, the brakes etc of the #$transporter, e.g. a boat, train, windsurfer, mule, plane, horse and carriage, spaceship, sled, etc.. DRIVER is not a #$passengers in DRIVE. Because #$transporter and #$transportees are disjoint and #$driverActor has #$transportees as a #$genlPreds, DRIVER is distinct from the value on #$transporter. Thus a person walking while carrying a watermelon would not be a #$driverActor in their own walking. DRIVER is usually in #$SittingPosture during DRIVE. For any given instant of DRIVE there is exactly one DRIVER. Until we have more extensive vocabulary, the transportees is the most specific we can be about events in which multiple drivers share driving responsibility throughout the event or if there is a pilot/co-pilot combination.") ;;; #$ductilityOfObject (#$isa #$ductilityOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$ductilityOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$ductilityOfObject #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$ductilityOfObject #$Ductility) (#$comment #$ductilityOfObject "(#$ductilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Ductility (q.v.).") ;;; #$duration (#$isa #$duration #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$duration #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$duration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$duration "(#$duration ?X ?Y) means that ?Y is length of time #$TemporalThing ?X happened/existed. For a continuous #$TemporalThing, this is the same as its #$measure (the elapsed time from start to end.) But for a discontinuous #$TemporalThing, the #$duration is strictly less than the #$measure. For example, the #$duration of `the Mondays during May of 1996' is (#$DaysDuration 4), whereas the #$measure of that same temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 22). Note: Unfortunately, in some disciplines, such as Real Analysis, these two terms' definitions are switched! In such contexts, one could assert to Cyc that the preferred denotation of #$duration was #$Measure-TheWord, and that the preferred denotation of #$measure was #$Duration-TheWord, but notice that the two concepts --- #$measure and #$duration --- are still distinct and useful in that discipline, they just happen to have different names there.") ;;; #$eastOf (#$isa #$eastOf #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$eastOf #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$eastOf #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$eastOf #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$eastOf "(#$eastOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the east of the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is therefore west of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `west of'. Example: (#$eastOf #$EasternUSATimeZone #$CentralUSATimeZone).") ;;; #$eatsWillingly (#$isa #$eatsWillingly #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$eatsWillingly #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$eatsWillingly #$TemporalStuffType) (#$arg2Genl #$eatsWillingly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$eatsWillingly "The predicate #$eatsWillingly is used to relate an #$Animal to the type of food it will willingly eat. In a normal #$EatingEvent, the food consumed is of a type that the eater #$eatsWillingly. As negative examples, no vegetarian or herbivore #$eatsWillingly meat.")